SQL CUBE

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL CUBE to generate subtotals for the output of a query.

Introduction to SQL CUBE

Similar to the ROLLUP, CUBE is an extension of the GROUP BY clause. CUBE allows you to generate subtotals like the ROLLUP extension. In addition, the CUBE extension will generate subtotals for all combinations of grouping columns specified in the GROUP BY clause.

The following illustrates the syntax of CUBE extension:

SELECT 
    c1, c2, AGGREGATE_FUNCTION(c3)
FROM
    table_name
GROUP BY CUBE(c1 , c2);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

In this syntax, we have two columns specified in the CUBE. The statement creates two subtotal combinations. Generally, if you have n number of columns listed in the CUBE, the statement will create 2ⁿ subtotal combinations.

SQL CUBE examples

We will reuse the inventory table created in the ROLLUP tutorial.

SQL CUBE with one column example

The following statement uses the SUM() function and the GROUP BY clause to find the total inventory of every warehouse:

SELECT
   warehouse,
   SUM(quantity)
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   warehouse;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

If you want to know the total inventory in all warehouses, you use the CUBE extension in the GROUP BY clause as follows:

SELECT
   warehouse,
   SUM(quantity)
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   CUBE(warehouse)
ORDER BY
   warehouse;  
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

In this example, the CUBE extension adds a total inventory row with a null value in the warehouse column. The effect is the same as the ROLLUP function. To make the output more readable, you can use the COALESCE() function as shown below:

SELECT
   COALESCE(warehouse,'All warehouses'),
   SUM(quantity)
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   CUBE(warehouse)
ORDER BY
   warehouse;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SQL CUBE with multiple columns example

The following statement finds the total inventory by warehouse and product:

SELECT
   warehouse,
   product,
   SUM(quantity)
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   warehouse,product
ORDER BY
   warehouse,
   product;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

When you use the CUBE function, the query makes four subtotals:

SELECT
   warehouse,
   product,
   SUM(quantity)
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   CUBE(warehouse,product)
ORDER BY
   warehouse,
   product;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

As you can see in the output, we have four subtotal rows:

• The third and sixth rows show the total inventory of all products in the San Francisco and San Jose warehouses. The values in the product column are null.
• The seventh and eighth rows display the total inventory by products which are Samsung and iPhone in all warehouses. Hence, the values in the warehouse columns are null.

The last column is the grand total that shows the total inventory in all warehouses.

The following statement uses the COALESCE() function to substitute null values by more meaningful data:

SELECT
   COALESCE(warehouse, '...All Warehouses') warehouse,
  COALESCE(product, '...All Products') product,
   SUM(quantity) 
FROM
   inventory
GROUP BY
   CUBE(warehouse,product)
ORDER BY
   warehouse,
   product; 
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Creating cross-tabular reports

The following query creates a cross-tabular report by retrieving data from the  employees table in the sample database using the CUBE extension:

SELECT
   COALESCE(department_name, '-') department,
   COALESCE(job_title,'-') job,
   COUNT(*) ,
   SUM(salary) salary
FROM
   employees
INNER JOIN departments USING (department_id)
INNER JOIN jobs USING (job_id)
GROUP BY
   CUBE(department_name,job_title)
ORDER BY
   department_name ASC NULLS LAST;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Here is the result:

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the SQL CUBE extensions to generate the subtotal in the output of a query.